The German Secret Service in America 1914-1918 — Reading Notes

Germany was always precociously fond of international statistics. She wanted--the present tense is equally applicable--full information of America and her allies so as to attack their vulnerable points. She got a ghastly amount of it, and she attacked. This book sets forth how secret agents of the Teutonic governments acting under orders have attacked our national life, both before and after our declaration of war; how men and women in Germany's employ on American soil, planned and executed bribery, sedition, arson, the destruction of property and even murder, not to mention lesser violations of American law; how they sought to subvert to the advantage of the Central Powers the aims of the Government of the United States; how, in short, they made enemies of the United States immediately the European war had broken out.

The facts were obtained by the writer first as a reporter on the _New York Sun_ who for more than a year busied himself with no other concern, and afterwards in an independent investigation. Some of them he has cited in a previous work. This book brings the story of Germany's secret agencies in America up to the early months of 1918. Because the writer during the past six months has devoted his entire time to the Liberty Loan, it became necessary for him to leave the rearrangement of the work entirely in the hands of the co-author, and he desires to acknowledge his complete indebtedness to the co-author for undertaking and carrying out an assignment for which the full measure of reward will be derived from a sharper American consciousness of the true nature of our enemy at home and abroad.

So we dedicate this chronicle to our country.

New York, June 1, 1918.

CHAPTER PAGE I THE ORGANIZATION 1

The economic, diplomatic and military aspects of secret warfare in America--Germany's peace-time organization--von Bernstorff, the diplomat--Albert, the economist--von Papen and Boy-Ed, the men of war.

II THE CONSPIRATORS' TASK 19

The terrain--Lower New York--The consulates--The economic problem of supplying Germany and checking supplies to the Allies--The diplomatic problem of keeping America's friendship--The military problem in Canada, Mexico, India, etc.--Germany's denial.

III THE RAIDERS AT SEA 28

The outbreak of war--Mobilization of reservists--The Hamburg-American contract--The _Berwind_--The _Marina Quezada_--The _Sacramento_--Naval battles.

IV THE WIRELESS SYSTEM 43

The German Embassy a clearing house--Sayville--German's knowledge of U. S. wireless--Subsidized electrical companies--Aid to the raiders--The _Emden_--The _Geier_--Charles E. Apgar--The German code.

V MILITARY VIOLENCE 60

The plan to raid Canadian ports--The first Welland Canal plot--Von Papen, von der Goltz and Tauscher--The project abandoned--Goltz's arrest--The Tauscher trial--Hidden arms--Louden's plan of invasion.

Justice and Metzler--Koenig's personality--von Papen's checks--The "little black book"--Telephone codes-- Shadowing--Koenig's agents--His betrayal.

VII FALSE PASSPORTS 82

Hans von Wedell's bureau--The traffic in false passports--Carl Ruroede--Methods of forgery--Adams' coup--von Wedell's letter to von Bernstorff--Stegler-- Lody--Berlin counterfeits American passports--von Breechow.

VIII INCENDIARISM 100

Increased munitions production--The opening explosions-- Orders from Berlin--Von Papen and Seattle--July, 1915--The Van Koolbergen affair--The Autumn of 1915--The Pinole explosion.

IX MORE BOMB PLOTS 117

Kaltschmidt and the Windsor explosions--The Port Huron tunnel--Werner Horn--Explosions embarrass the Embassy--Black Tom--The second Welland affair--Harry Newton--The damage done in three years--Waiter spies.

X FRANZ VON RINTELEN 138

The leak in the National City Bank--The _Minnehaha_--Von Rintelen's training--His return to America--His aims--His funds--Smuggling oil--The Krag-Joergensen rifles--Von Rintelen's flight and capture.

Mobilizing destroying agents--The plotters in Hoboken--Von Kleist's arrest and confession--The _Kirk Oswald_ trial--Further explosions--The _Arabic_--Robert Fay--His arrest--The ship plots decrease.

David Lamar--Labor's National Peace Council--The embargo conference--The attempted longshoremen's strike--Dr. Dumba's recall.

XIII THE SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA 190

The mistress of the seas--Plotting in New York--The _Lusitania's_ escape in February, 1915--The advertised warning--The plot--May 7, 1915--Diplomatic correspondence--Gustave Stahl--The results.

XIV COMMERCIAL VENTURES 203

German law in America--Waetzoldt's reports--The British blockade--A report from Washington--Stopping the chlorine supply--Speculation in wool--Dyestuffs and the _Deutschland_--Purchasing phenol--The Bridgeport Projectile Company--The lost portfolio--The recall of the attachés--A summary of Dr. Albert's efforts.

XV THE PUBLIC MIND 225

Dr. Bertling--The _Staats-Zeitung_--George Sylvester Viereck and _The Fatherland_--Efforts to buy a press association--Bernhardi's articles--Marcus Braun and _Fair Play_--Plans for a German news syndicate--Sander, Wunnenberg, Bacon and motion pictures--The German-American Alliance--Its purposes--Political activities--Colquitt of Texas--The "Wisconsin Plan"-- Lobbying--Misappropriation of German Red Cross funds--Friends of Peace--The American Truth Society.

XVI HINDU-GERMAN CONSPIRACIES 252

The Society for Advancement in India--"Gaekwar Scholarships"--Har Dyal and _Gadhr_--India in 1914-- Papen's report--German and Hindu agents sent to the Orient--Gupta in Japan--The raid on von Igel's office-- Chakravarty replaces Gupta--The _Annie Larsen_ and _Maverick_ filibuster--Von Igel's memoranda--Har Dyal in Berlin--A request for anarchist agents--Ram Chandra--Plots against the East and West Indies-- Correspondence between Bernstorff and Berlin, 1916--Designs on China, Japan and Africa--Chakravarty arrested--The conspirators indicted.

XVII MEXICO, IRELAND, AND BOLO 288

Huerta arrives in New York--The restoration plot--German intrigue in Central America--The Zimmermann note--Sinn Fein--Sir Roger Casement and the Easter Rebellion--Bolo Pacha in America and France--A warning.

XVIII AMERICA GOES TO WAR 320

Bernstorff's request for bribe-money--The President on German spies--Interned ships seized--Enemy aliens--Interning German agents--The water-front and finger-print regulations--Pro-German acts since April, 1917--A warning and a prophecy.

A German Propagandist.

List of Illustrations

Count Johann von Bernstorff _Frontispiece_

The German Embassy in Washington 2

Captain Franz von Papen 12

Captain Karl Boy-Ed 16

Passport given to Horst von der Goltz 64

Hans von Wedell and his wife 84

Franz von Rintelen 138

Dr. Constantin Dumba 184

Advertisement of the German Embassy 194

Checks signed by Adolf Pavenstedt 230

George Sylvester Viereck 234

Letter from Count von Bernstorff 236

Check from Count von Bernstorff 238

Letter-paper of "The Friends of Peace" 250

Jeremiah A. O'Leary 302

THE GERMAN SECRET SERVICE IN AMERICA

The economic, diplomatic and military aspects of secret warfare in America--Germany's peace-time organization--von Bernstorff, the diplomat--Albert, the economist--von Papen and Boy-Ed, the men of war.

When, in the summer of 1914, the loaded dice fell for war, Germany began a campaign overseas as thoughtfully forecasted as that first headlong flood which rolled to the Marne. World-domination was the Prussian objective. It is quite natural that the United States, whose influence affected a large part of the world, should have received swift attention from Berlin. America and Americans could serve Germany's purpose in numerous ways, and the possible assets of the United States had been searchingly assayed in Berlin long before the arrival of "Der Tag."

The day dawned--and Germany found herself hemmed in by enemies. Her navy did not control the oceans upon which she had depended for a large percentage of her required food and raw materials, and upon which she must continue to depend if her output were to keep pace with her war needs. If surprise-attack should fail to bring the contest to a sudden and favorable conclusion, Germany was prepared to accept the more probable alternative of a contest of economic endurance. Therefore, she reasoned, supplies must continue to come from America.

Of importance scarcely secondary to the economic phase of her warfare in the United States was the diplomatic problem. Here was a nation of infinite resources, a people of infinite resource. This nation must be enlisted on the side of the Central Powers; failing that, must be kept friendly; under no circumstances was she to be allowed to enlist with the Allies. One fundamental trait of Americans Germany held too lightly--their blood-kinship to Britons--and it is a grimly amusing commentary upon the confidence of the German in bonds Teutonic that he believed that the antidote to this racial "weakness" of ours lay in the large numbers of Germans who had settled here and become Americans of sorts. But the German was alarmingly if not absolutely correct in his estimate, for upon the conduct and zeal of Germans in America actually depended much of the success of Germany's diplomatic tactics in America.

The war, then, so far as the United States figured in Germany's plan, was economic and diplomatic. But it was also military. German representatives in the United States were bound by oath to coöperate to their utmost in all military enterprises within their reach. With a certain few notable exceptions, no such enterprises came within their reach, and if the reader anticipates from that fact a disappointing lack of violence in the narrative to follow, let him remember that "all's fair in war," and that every German activity in the United States, whether it was economic, diplomatic or military, was carried on with a certain Prussian thoroughness which was chiefly characterized by brutal violence.

We have come to believe that thoroughness is the first and last word in German organization. Any really thorough organization must be promptly convertible to new activities without loss of motion. If these new activities are unexpected, the change is more or less of an experiment, and its possibilities are not ominous. But truly dangerous is the organization which transfers suddenly to coping with the expected. Germany had expected war for forty years.

Her peace-time organization in America consisted of four executives: an ambassador, a fiscal agent, a military attaché, and a naval attaché. Its chief was the ambassador, comparable in his duties and privileges to the president of a corporation, the representative with full authority to negotiate with other organizations, and responsible to his board of directors--the foreign office in Berlin. Its treasurer was the fiscal agent. And its department heads were the military and naval attachés, each responsible in some degree to his superiors in matters of policy and finances, and answerable also to Berlin.

The functions of the chief were two-fold. Convincing evidence produced by the State Department has placed at his door the ultimate responsibility for executing Germany's commands not in the United States alone, but throughout all of the world excepting Middle Europe. Under his eyes passed Berlin's instructions to her envoys in both Americas, and through his hands passed their reports. He directed and delegated the administration of all German policy in the western world and the far east, and of course directed all strictly diplomatic enterprises afoot in the United States.

Germany could hardly have chosen an abler envoy than this latest of all the Bernstorffs, Johann, a statesman whose ancestors for generations had been Saxon diplomats. A glance at the man's countenance convinced one of his powers of concentration: the many lines of his face seemed to focus on a point between his eyebrows. And yet his expression was hardly grim. The modeling of his head was unusually strong, his features sensitive, with no trace of weakness. If there had been weakness about his mouth, it was concealed by the conventional ferocity of a Hohenzollern moustache, and yet those untruthful lips could part in an ingratiating smile which flashed ingenuous friendliness. His frame was tall and slender, his mannerisms suggested carefully bridled nervous activity. The entire appearance of the man may best be described by a much-abused term--he was "distinguished."

Count von Bernstorff, once his nation had declared war upon France and England, went to war with the United States. As ambassador, diplomatic courtesy gave him a scope of observation limited only by the dignity of his position. A seat in a special gallery in the Senate and House of Representatives was always ready for his occupancy; he could virtually command the attention of the White House; and senators, congressmen and office-holders from German-American districts respected him. Messengers kept him in constant touch with the line-up of Congress on important issues, and two hours later that line-up was known in the Foreign Office in Berlin. As head and front of the German spy system in America, he held cautiously aloof from all but the most instrumental acquaintances: men and women of prominent political and social influence who he knew were inclined, for good and sufficient reasons, to help him. One woman, whose bills he paid at a Fifth Avenue gown house, was the wife of a prominent broker and another woman of confessedly German affiliations who served him lived within a stone's throw of the Metropolitan Museum and its nearby phalanx of gilded dwellings (her husband's office was in a building at 11 Broadway, of which more anon); a third woman intimate lived in a comfortable apartment near Fifth Avenue--an apartment selected for her, though she was unaware of it, by secret agents of the United States. During the early days of the war the promise of social sponsorship which any embassy in Washington could extend proved bait for a number of ingénues of various ages, with ambition and mischief in their minds, and the gracious Ambassador played them smoothly and dexterously. Mostly they were not German women, for the German women of America were not so likely to be useful socially, nor as a type so astute as to qualify them for von Bernstorff's delicate work. To those whom he chose to see he was courteous, and superficially frank almost to the point of naïveté. The pressure of negotiation between Washington and Berlin became more and more exacting as the war progressed, yet he found time to command a campaign whose success would have resulted in disaster to the United States. That he was not blamed for the failure of that campaign when he returned to Germany in April, 1917, is evidenced by his prompt appointment to the court of Turkey, a difficult and important post, and in the case of Michaelis, a stepping-stone to the highest post in the Foreign Office.

Upon the shoulders of Dr. Heinrich Albert, privy counsellor and fiscal agent of the German Empire, fell the practical execution of German propaganda throughout America. He was the American agent of a government which has done more than any other to coöperate with business towards the extension of influence abroad, on the principle that "the flag follows the constitution." As such he had had his finger on the pulse of American trade, had catalogued exhaustively the economic resources of the country, and held in his debt, as his nation's treasurer in America, scores of bankers, manufacturers and traders to whom Germany had extended subsidy. As such also he was the paymaster of the Imperial secret diplomatic and consular agents.

You could find him almost any day until the break with Germany in a small office in the Hamburg-American Building (a beehive of secret agents) at No. 45 Broadway, New York. He was tall and slender, and wore the sombre frock coat of the European business man with real grace. His eyes were blue and clear, his face clean-shaven and faintly sabre-scarred, and his hair blond. He impressed one as an unusual young man in a highly responsible position. His greeting to visitors, of whom he had few, was punctilious, his bow low, and his manner altogether polite. He encouraged conversation rather than offered it. He had none of the "hard snap" of the energetic, outspoken, brusque American man of business. Dr. Albert was a smooth-running, well-turned cog in the great machine of Prussian militarism.

Upon him rested the task of spending between $2,000,000 and $3,000,000 a week for German propaganda. He spent thirty million at least--and only Germany knows how much more--in secret agency work, also known by the uglier names of bribery, sedition and conspiracy. He admitted that he wasted a half million or more. He had a joint account with Bernstorff in the Chase National Bank, New York, which amounted at times to several millions. His resources gave weight to his utterances in the quiet office overlooking Broadway, or in the German Club in Central Park South, or in the consulates or hotels of Chicago and New Orleans and San Francisco, to which he made occasional trips to confer with German business men.

His colleagues held him in high esteem. His methods were quiet and successful, and his participation in the offences against America's peace might have passed unproven had he not been engaged in a too-absorbing conversation one day in August, 1915, upon a Sixth Avenue elevated train. He started up to leave the train at Fiftieth Street, and carelessly left his portfolio behind him--to the tender care of a United States Secret Service man. It contained documents revealing his complicity in enterprises the magnitude of which beggars the imagination. The publication of certain of those documents awoke the slumbering populace to a feeling of chagrin and anger almost equal to his own at the loss of his dossier. And yet he stayed on in America, and returned with the ambassadorial party to Germany only after the severance of diplomatic relations in 1917, credited with expert generalship on the economic sector of the American front.

Germany's military attaché to the United States was Captain Franz von Papen. His mission was the study of the United States army. In August, 1914, it may be assumed that he had absorbed most of the useful information of the United States army, which at that moment was no superhuman problem. In July of that year he was in Mexico, observing, among other matters, the effect of dynamite explosions on railways. He was quite familiar with Mexico. According to Admiral von Hintze he had organized a military unit in the lukewarm German colony in Mexico City, and he used one or more of the warring factions in the southern republic to test the efficacy of various means of warfare.

The rumble of a European war sent him scurrying northward. From Mexico on July 29 he wired Captain Boy-Ed--of whom more presently--in New York to

" ... arrange business for me too with Pavenstedt,"

which referred to the fact that Boy-Ed had just engaged office space in the offices of G. Amsinck & Company, New York, which was at that time a German house of which Adolph Pavenstedt was the president, but which has since been taken over by American interests. And he added:

"Then inform Lersner. The Russian attaché ordered back to Washington by telegraph. On outbreak of war have intermediaries locate by detective where Russian and French intelligence office."

The latter part of the message is open to two interpretations: that Boy-Ed was to have detectives locate the Russian and French secret service officers; or that Boy-Ed was to place German spies in those offices.

Captain von Papen reported to his ministry of war anent the railway explosions:

"I consider it out of the question that explosives prepared in this way would have to be reckoned with in a European war...."

a significant opinion, which he changed later.

What of the man himself? He was all that "German officer" suggested at that time to any one who had traveled in Germany. His military training had been exhaustive. Though he had not seen "active service," his life, from the early youth when he had been selected from his gymnasium fellows for secret service in Abteilung III of the great bureau, had been unusually active. He had traveled as a civilian over various countries, drawing maps, harking to the sentiment of the people, and checking from time to time the operations of resident German agents abroad. His disguises were thorough, as this incident will illustrate: In Hamburg, at the army riding school where von Papen was trained, young officers are taught the French style. Yet one fine morning in Central Park he stopped to chat with an acquaintance who had bought a mare. Von Papen admired the mount, promptly named its breed, and told in what counties in Ireland the best specimens of that breed could be found--information called up from a riding tour he had made over the length and breadth of Ireland. It is commonly said that horsemen trained in the French style cling to its mannerisms, but a cavalier revealing those mannerisms in Ireland, where the style is exclusively English, would have attracted undue attention. So he had disguised even his horsemanship!

A man who moves constantly about among more or less unsuspecting peoples seeking their military weakness becomes intolerant. Tolerance is scarcely a German military trait, and in that respect Captain von Papen was consistently loyal to his own superior organization. "I always say to those idiotic Yankees they had better hold their tongues," he wrote to his wife in a letter which fell later into the hands of those same "bloedsinnige" Yankees. He was inordinately proud of his facility in operating unobserved, arrogant of his ability, and blunt in his criticism of his associates. He telegraphed Boy-Ed on one occasion to be more cautious. The gracious colleague replied, in a letter:

"Dear Papen: A secret agent who returned from Washington this evening made the following statement: 'The Washington people are very much excited about von Papen and are having a constant watch kept on him. They are in possession of a whole heap of incriminating evidence against him. They have no evidence against Count B. and Captain B-E (!).'"

And Boy-Ed, a trifle optimistically, perhaps, added:

"In this connection I would suggest with due diffidence that perhaps the first part of your telegram is worded rather too emphatically."